Key Terminology | Low Magnification Imaging | High Magnification Imaging
In the optics industry, microscopes are used for both machine vision and life science, or biological, applications. Machine vision applications support semiconductor, electronics, assembly, and manufacturing markets, to name a few. Life science applications look at cellular or biological samples at various objective magnifications. To understand the interplay between resolving power, magnification, and other common objective specifications for life science, consider how an infinity-corrected objective images skin culture at 5X, 10X, 20X, and 50X magnifications.
The four application examples detailed in the following sections utilize Edmund Optics infinity-corrected objectives. Mitutoyo objectives can be substituted as well. Although Mitutoyo objectives are synonymous with machine vision and industrial inspection, they perform extremely well in low light conditions and applications that focus on cellular and micro inspection.
KEY OBJECTIVE TERMINOLOGY
Infinity-corrected objectives image well, no matter the magnification. They are ideal for applications requiring high precision and the modularity of adding optical filters, polarizers, beamsplitters, and in-line illumination components into the optical path. However, there are tradeoffs for using infinity-corrected objectives:
- Higher magnifications yield higher numerical apertures, but shorter working distances and smaller fields of view.
- Lower magnifications yield lower numerical apertures, but longer working distances and larger fields of view.
- Resolution is dictated by magnification, and both increase proportionally to each other.
Magnification, numerical aperture, working distance, and resolution are all related for infinity-corrected objectives. Magnification is calculated by dividing the focal length of the tube lens by the focal length of the objective. Numerical aperture (NA) is a function of the focal length of the entrance pupil diameter; NA affects the amount of light entering the infinity-corrected system. Working distance (WD) is determined by the parfocal distance of the objective’s optical path; WD is specified as the distance from the front optical element to the object under inspection. Resolving power is one of the trickiest specifications to properly explain. Since it is difficult to visualize what an actual object under inspection will look like at a particular magnification and how to quantify resolving power, it is best to learn by studying the application examples in the following sections. For additional information on key objective terminology, view Understanding Microscopes and Objectives.
APPLICATION EXAMPLES
There are a large number of applications for infinity-corrected objective systems. In terms of biological applications, the most common is fluorescence microscopy, ranging from the most basic fluorophore detection systems to the more elaborate confocal and multiphoton fluorescence systems. The most complex of these systems involve high magnifications, precision mechanics, high-quality optical filters, and powerful illumination sources, such as lasers. In contrast, the simpler systems involve a standard broadband light source, basic filtering, simple mechanics, and low to high magnifications depending on the samples under inspection.
Low Magnification Imaging of Skin Culture
Depending on the sample, there are a few rules of thumb to help with the selection of an infinity-corrected objective. A typical cell has a size of 10μm; a low magnification and low resolution objective is suitable for imaging a grouping of cells. If one needs to differentiate cellular membranes or intracellular components such as mitochondria, ribosomes, or a nucleus, then resolution on the order of 1μm or less is best.
In Figures 1 – 4, the samples for inspection are 3D Skin Culture Models with a Trichrome Stain, which was cultured and prepared by Zen-Bio Incorporated located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, US. In Figure 1, it is clear to see cellular components surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which holds the tissue together. Within the ECM are the interstitial matrix and basement membrane, where polysaccharides and fibrous proteins reside and act as a compression buffer against external stress. Within the basement membrane reside a number of sheets that are stacked upon one another with epithelial cells resting between. To clearly see the polysaccharide gel and epithelial cells, it is best to use a high magnification infinity-corrected objective. The tissue matrix is the surrounding blue stained material, the cells and cellular membrane are marked by the purple stains, and within each cell is a smaller white and partially red stained region that marks denser intracellular material, such as mitochondria and the nucleus.
Figure 1 was captured using #59-876 5X M Plan Apo Objective. This infinity-corrected objective has a numerical aperture of 0.14, field of view on a ½" sensor of 1.28mm x 0.96mm, and resolving power of 2μm. Since typical human cells are roughly 10μm in size, the objective specifications for #59-876 make it the ideal choice.
Figure 1: Trichrome Stain of Dermal Tissue Samples at 5X Magnification Using #59-876 Objective
Figure 2 was captured using #59-877 10X M Plan Apo Objective. It has a numerical aperture of 0.28, field of view on a ½" sensor of 0.64mm x 0.48mm, and a resolving power of 1μm. In this image, it is clear to see the stacking and weaving of the ECM and interstitial structures. Additionally, the cellular membrane is very pronounced and it is evident that there are a number of intracellular structures such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and a large nucleus present at the central position.
Figure 2: Trichrome Stain of Dermal Tissue Samples at 10X Magnification Using #59-877 Objective
